Copper ore, found in various forms like oxides and sulfides, is mined and processed to extract copper for use in wiring, plumbing, and machinery. It can also yield by-products like gold and silver.

Nickel ore, containing nickel along with iron, sulfur, and sometimes cobalt or copper, is mined and processed through methods like flotation and smelting. It is primarily used to produce nickel for stainless steel, alloys, batteries, and industrial equipment.

Gold ore is mined from rocks containing gold in low concentrations, often with minerals like quartz and pyrite. It is processed through methods such as crushing, grinding, and cyanidation to extract gold for use in jewelry, electronics, and investment.

Silver ore contains significant silver concentrations mixed with minerals like quartz and sulfides. Extracted via mining and processed through grinding, flotation, and leaching, it yields silver for use in jewelry, electronics, and other applications.

Bauxite, a sedimentary rock rich in aluminum, is the main ore for extracting aluminum. Mined and processed to remove impurities, it is used primarily to produce aluminum metal and also in refractories and ceramics.

Zinc ore, primarily sphalerite, is mined and processed to extract zinc, which is then used in galvanization, alloys, and batteries. The extraction involves crushing, grinding, flotation, smelting, and refining.

Lead ore, mainly galena, is mined and processed to extract lead, used in batteries, radiation shielding, and certain glass and paints. The process includes crushing, grinding, flotation, smelting, and refining.

Chrome ore, primarily chromite, is mined and processed to extract chromium for use in stainless steel, refractory materials, and chemical production. The extraction involves crushing, grinding, and concentration methods like gravity separation.

Vanadium ore, often from titaniferous magnetite or shale, is processed through crushing, milling, and concentration to produce vanadium pentoxide. Vanadium is used in steel production, aerospace alloys, energy storage, and chemical catalysts.